In the history of Italian winemaking, the concept of the designation of origin plays a crucial role, deeply connected with tradition, quality, and the geographical origin of the wines.
In this detailed article, we will delve into the classifications and characteristics of these designations, highlighting the differences between European and specifically Italian ones, ranging from the most prestigious to the more common varieties enjoyed at our tables. Cheers!
What is the designation of origin?
The designation of origin is a classification system that identifies and protects wines based on their geographical origin and specific production methods.
This system highlights the characteristics of the territory and the production methods that lead to the final product.
Attributing this significant meaning to the designation also involves regulation at both the European and national levels. Let’s explore these together.
Designation of origin in Europe
In Europe, regulations define two main categories of designation: Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGI).
PDOs identify traditional agricultural and food products closely linked to their geographical area of origin and specific production processes.
PGIs, on the other hand, identify products closely tied to their geographical area of production but with more flexibility in production processes.
Nevertheless there are also wines without designation of origin.
Designation of origin in Italy
In Italy, before the implementation of European regulations, the concept of designation of origin was managed through a hierarchical system that included various categories, each with specific rules and requirements. The main categories were:
- Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) – representing the pinnacle of the pyramid;
- Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC);
- Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) – at the bottom of the pyramid.
As evident from the pyramid, DOCGs represent the highest level of quality and prestige, followed by DOCs and IGTs.
Each of these examples can include specific prescriptions and guidelines, which we will discuss in detail later.
Essentially, the designation of origin is a key system for protecting and promoting the diversity and authenticity of wines, both at the European and national levels ensuring consumers the quality and origin of the products they purchase and enjoy at their tables.
Following the harmonization of Italian regulations with European ones, the designations in Italy were modified as follows:
- DOC + DOCG = PDO
- IGT = PGI
Factors determining the wine’s designation
Several common factors determine a wine’s designation, including the production region, permitted grape varieties, agricultural and winemaking practices, aging times, and the organoleptic characteristics of the final product. Generally, these criteria include:
- Production territory and geographical characteristics: A crucial aspect is the production territory, which includes not only the geographical area where the vineyards are located but also the specific characteristics of that region, such as altitude, microclimate, and soil. These factors directly influence the wine’s traits.
- Permitted grape varieties and their percentage in the blend: Another crucial aspect is the selection of allowed grape varieties and their proportions in the wine blend, which can vary between different designations and significantly influence the final product’s aroma and flavor profile.
- Minimum alcohol content: The minimum alcohol content is an important parameter, contributing to the wine’s character and structure.
- Maximum vineyard yield: Similarly, the maximum vineyard yield and cultivation methods impact the concentration and quality of the grapes used in wine production.
- Permitted practices in the vineyard and winery: Allowed practices in the vineyard and winery, such as artificial irrigation or specific winemaking techniques, may be subject to particular regulations aimed at preserving the product’s authenticity and integrity.
- Minimum aging times: Minimum aging periods and storage methods are additional determining factors ensuring the product’s quality and stability over time.
- Special quality mentions, such as “old vines” or subzones: Denominations of origin may include special quality designations, like “old vines,” indicating grapes from long-established vineyards, or specific subzones and crus, identifying particularly esteemed areas within the production region.
In summary, the designation of origin is a complex system considering a range of key factors to guarantee the quality, authenticity, and uniqueness of wines, both nationally and internationally.
Wine classifications in Italy
At this point, one might ask: how are Italian wines classified?
As previously mentioned, the hierarchy of Italian designations of origin always included different levels, each with specific characteristics and requirements. For a broader overview, we have also included wines that do not have significant designation relevance but are likely familiar to many of us!
Generic wines without designation
Generic (or varietal) wines are not tied to a specific geographical area and can vary greatly in quality and type. Often classified as table wines, they are not subject to particular constraints.
These wines still require recognition of the grape varieties used, such as “Chardonnay delle Valli,” without the need to indicate a specific territory of origin, but rather a type or vintage.
IGT wines
Wines with Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) represent an intermediate level between generic wines and the more prestigious designations.
IGT wines allow some production freedom but still require adherence to certain guidelines related to the production area. It is essential to indicate the production area for at least 85% of the grapes, though specifying grape varieties is not mandatory.
Under European legislation, IGT wines are equivalent to PGI.
DOC wines
Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) wines are produced in specific regions according to strict regulations governing factors like grape varieties used, cultivation practices, and aging times.
DOC wines can also create subzones within the main designation or express different wine types and unique characteristics, such as Riserva, Superiore, and Classico, following the designation’s provisions.
Under European legislation, DOCs are equivalent to PDOs, ensuring their authenticity and quality.
DOCG wines
Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) wines represent the highest level of quality and prestige in Italian winemaking. They are subject to even stricter rules and must pass rigorous controls to guarantee their excellence.
DOCG wines undergo stringent checks, including chemical, physical, and organoleptic exams, and the processing is done in individually certified batches. Each bottle carries a numbered seal attesting to its quality and authenticity. The transition from DOC to DOCG is a lengthy, complex process that can take several years.
Under European legislation, DOCGs are also equivalent to PDOs (with guaranteed intrinsic quality).
And PDO wines?
In the European context, as mentioned, there are the so-called “PDO designations”, encompassing Italian DOCG and DOC wines, recognizing their quality and the importance of controlled and guaranteed origin, and respecting all the processes described above.
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